关于Lua中基本数据类型的底层实现方式，本篇是IState。

lState

lua_State

在lState.h中定义了lua_State的结构体，这是每个 Lua 函数都会接受的表示当前状态的结构，最主要的成员包括运行栈 stack, 栈用于表示函数调用、传递参数及返回值：

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** 'per thread' state
*/
struct  {
  CommonHeader;	/*  */
  lu_byte status;	/* 解析容器的，用于记录中间状态 */
  
  global_State *l_G;	/* 全局状态机 */
  
  /*调用栈：调用栈的信息管理*/
  CallInfo *ci;  /* call info for current function 当前函数的运行信息 */
  CallInfo base_ci;  /* CallInfo for first level (C calling Lua) 调用栈的头部指针 */
  
  /* 数据栈：栈指针地址管理 */
  StkId top;  /* first free slot in the stack 指向线程栈的栈顶 */
  StkId stack_last;  /* last free slot in the stack 线程栈的最后一个位置 */
  StkId stack;  /* stack base 栈的指针，当前运行的位置 */

  GCObject *gclist;   /* GC列表 */
	const Instruction *oldpc;  /* last pc traced 在当前thread 的解释执行指令的过程中，指向最后一次执行的指令的指针 */
  struct  *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues */
  struct lua_longjmp *errorJmp;  /* current error recover point */
  UpVal *openupval;  /* list of open upvalues in this stack */
  
  /* Hook 相关管理 - 服务于debug模块 */
  lua_Hook hook;
  ptrdiff_t errfunc;  /* current error handling function (stack index) */
  int stacksize;
  int basehookcount;
  int hookcount;
  lu_byte hookmask;
  lu_byte allowhook;
  
  /* 跟C语言通信 管理 */
  unsigned short nny;  /* number of non-yieldable calls in stack */
  unsigned short nCcalls;  /* number of nested C calls */
};

GCUnion

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** Union of all collectable objects (only for conversions)
*/
union GCUnion {
  GCObject gc;  /* common header */
  struct TString ts;
  struct Udata u;
  union Closure cl;
  struct Table h;
  struct Proto p;
  struct  th;  /* thread */
};

global_state

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** 'global state', shared by all threads of this state
** lua全局状态机
** 作用：管理全局数据、全局字符串表、内存管理函数
*/
typedef struct global_State {
  const lua_Number *version;  /* pointer to version number 版本号 */
  
  /* 内存管理 */
  lua_Alloc frealloc;  /* function to reallocate memory Lua的全局内存分配器 */
  void *ud;         /* auxiliary data to 'frealloc' 分配器的userdata */
  
  lu_mem totalbytes;  /* number of bytes currently allocated - GCdebt */
  l_mem GCdebt;  /* bytes allocated not yet compensated by the collector */
  lu_mem GCmemtrav;  /* memory traversed by the GC */
  lu_mem GCestimate;  /* an estimate of the non-garbage memory in use */
  TValue l_registry;
  unsigned int seed;  /* randomized seed for hashes */
  lu_byte currentwhite;
  lu_byte gcstate;  /* state of garbage collector */
  lu_byte gckind;  /* kind of GC running */
  lu_byte gcrunning;  /* true if GC is running */
  GCObject *allgc;  /* list of all collectable objects */
  GCObject **sweepgc;  /* current position of sweep in list */
  GCObject *finobj;  /* list of collectable objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *gray;  /* list of gray objects */
  GCObject *grayagain;  /* list of objects to be traversed atomically */
  GCObject *weak;  /* list of tables with weak values */
  GCObject *ephemeron;  /* list of ephemeron tables (weak keys) */
  GCObject *allweak;  /* list of all-weak tables */
  GCObject *tobefnz;  /* list of userdata to be GC */
  GCObject *fixedgc;  /* list of objects not to be collected */

  Mbuffer buff;  /* temporary buffer for string concatenation */
  
  /* 字符串管理 */
 	stringtable strt;  /* hash table for strings */
  
  /* GC管理 */
  unsigned int gcfinnum;  /* number of finalizers to call in each GC step */
  int gcpause;  /* size of pause between successive GCs */
  int gcstepmul;  /* GC 'granularity' */
  
  /* 线程管理 */
  struct  *mainthread; /* 主线程 */
  struct  *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues 闭包了当前线程变量的其他线程列表 */
  
  /* 错误处理 */
  lua_CFunction panic;  /* to be called in unprotected errors */
  TString *memerrmsg;  /* memory-error message */
  
  /* 虚函数表 */
  TString *tmname[TM_N];  /* array with tag-method names 预定义方法名字数组 */
  struct Table *mt[LUA_NUMTAGS];  /* metatables for basic types 每个基本类型一个metatable */
} global_State;

创建栈结构：

lua_newstate主要用于创建一个主线程栈结构，分配lua_State和global_State。

对外通过lua_State结构暴露给用户，而global_State挂载在lua_State上。

通过这种结构，每个线程会独立维护自己的线程栈和函数栈。

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LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
  int i;
  lua_State *L;
  global_State *g;
  /* 分配一个lua_State结构的内容块 */
  LG *l = cast(LG *, (*f)(ud, NULL, LUA_TTHREAD, sizeof(LG)));
  if (l == NULL) return NULL;
  L = &l->l.l;
  g = &l->g;
  L->next = NULL;
  L->tt = LUA_TTHREAD;
  g->currentwhite = bitmask(WHITE0BIT);
  L->marked = luaC_white(g);
  
  /* 初始化一个线程的栈结构数据 */
  preinit_thread(L, g);
  g->frealloc = f;
  g->ud = ud;
  g->mainthread = L;
  g->seed = makeseed(L);
  g->gcrunning = 0;  /* no GC while building state */
  g->GCestimate = 0;
  g->strt.size = g->strt.nuse = 0;
  g->strt.hash = NULL;
  setnilvalue(&g->l_registry);
  luaZ_initbuffer(L, &g->buff);
  g->panic = NULL;
  g->version = NULL;
  g->gcstate = GCSpause;
  g->gckind = KGC_NORMAL;
  g->allgc = g->finobj = g->tobefnz = g->fixedgc = NULL;
  g->sweepgc = NULL;
  g->gray = g->grayagain = NULL;
  g->weak = g->ephemeron = g->allweak = NULL;
  g->twups = NULL;
  g->totalbytes = sizeof(LG);
  g->GCdebt = 0;
  g->gcfinnum = 0;
  g->gcpause = LUAI_GCPAUSE;
  g->gcstepmul = LUAI_GCMUL;
  for (i=0; i < LUA_NUMTAGS; i++) g->mt[i] = NULL;
  if (luaD_rawrunprotected(L, f_luaopen, NULL) != LUA_OK) {
    /* memory allocation error: free partial state */
    close_state(L);
    L = NULL;
  }
  return L;
}


** preinitialize a thread with consistent values without allocating
** any memory (to avoid errors)
*/
static void preinit_thread (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  G(L) = g;	/* 将global_State结构挂载在lua_State上 #define G(L)	(L->l_G) */
  L->stack = NULL;
  L->ci = NULL;
  L->stacksize = 0;
  L->twups = L;  /* thread has no upvalues */
  L->errorJmp = NULL;
  L->nCcalls = 0;
  L->hook = NULL;
  L->hookmask = 0;
  L->basehookcount = 0;
  L->allowhook = 1;
  resethookcount(L);
  L->openupval = NULL;
  L->nny = 1;
  L->status = LUA_OK;
  L->errfunc = 0;
}

销毁栈结构：

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/* 关闭lua栈 */
LUA_API void lua_close (lua_State *L) {
  L = G(L)->mainthread;  /* only the main thread can be closed */
  lua_lock(L);
  close_state(L);
}

/* 释放lua栈结构 */
static void close_state (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  luaF_close(L, L->stack);  /* close all upvalues for this thread 释放栈结构的upvalues */
  luaC_freeallobjects(L);  /* collect all objects 释放全部对象 */
  if (g->version)  /* closing a fully built state? */
    luai_userstateclose(L);
  luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->strt.hash, G(L)->strt.size);
  luaZ_freebuffer(L, &g->buff);
  freestack(L);
  lua_assert(gettotalbytes(g) == sizeof(LG));
  (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, fromstate(L), sizeof(LG), 0);  /* free main block */
}

数据栈与调用栈：

数据栈结构由一个StkID结构存储。lua中的数据分为值类型和引用类型。引用类型需要GC机制管理。

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union Value {
  GCObject *gc;    /* collectable objects 存放所有需要垃圾回收的类型的对象 */
  void *p;         /* light userdata 存放轻量用户数据 */
  int b;           /* booleans */
  lua_CFunction f; /* light C functions 存放一个方法 */
  lua_Integer i;   /* integer numbers 存放int数字 */
  lua_Number n;    /* float numbers 存放float数字 */
};

struct lua_TValue {
  TValuefields;
};

// #define TValuefields	Value value_; int tt_

typedef TValue *StkId;  /* index to stack elements */

调用栈存放在CallInfo中，以数组的形式存放在虚拟机的对象里。其中CallInfo中的ci->func指向正在执行的函数在数据栈上的位置l->top（正在调用的函数一定位于数据栈上。）

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** Information about a call.
** When a thread yields, 'func' is adjusted to pretend that the
** top function has only the yielded values in its stack; in that
** case, the actual 'func' value is saved in field 'extra'. 
** When a function calls another with a continuation, 'extra' keeps
** the function index so that, in case of errors, the continuation
** function can be called with the correct top.
*/
typedef struct CallInfo {
  StkId func;  /* function index in the stack func 指向正在执行的函数在数据栈上的位置 */
  StkId	top;  /* top for this function */
  struct CallInfo *previous, *next;  /* dynamic call link */
  union {
    struct {  /* only for Lua functions */
      StkId base;  /* base for this function */
      const Instruction *savedpc;
    } l;
    struct {  /* only for C functions */
      lua_KFunction k;  /* continuation in case of yields */
      ptrdiff_t old_errfunc;
      lua_KContext ctx;  /* context info. in case of yields */
    } c;
  } u;
  ptrdiff_t extra;
  short nresults;  /* expected number of results from this function */
  lu_byte callstatus;
} CallInfo;

栈初始化和释放：

文章作者: 安全书
文章链接: https://lua.ren/zl/2016-01-01-290_Lua%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB%EF%BC%9A%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B/
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